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The gas expansion is propelled by absorption of heat energy \(Q_1\) and \(\Delta S_H = Q_H / T_H\) of entropy from the high temperature reservoir. The “hot” temperature(\(T_H\)) of the gas is constant during this step. Reversible Isothermal Expansion: ( Path 1 to 2 in the above figure, from P 1, V 1, T 1 to P 2, V 2, T 2) During this step, the gas is allowed to expand and do work on the surroundings.The Carnot cycle when acting as a heat engine consists of the following 4 steps: “ No engine operating between two heat reservoirs can be more efficient than a Carnot engine operating between the same reservoirs.“ What is the Carnot Cycle?Ī Carnot cycle is defined as an ideal reversible closed thermodynamic cycle in which there are four successive operations involved, which are isothermal expansion, adiabatic expansion, isothermal compression and adiabatic compression.ĭuring these operations, the expansion and compression of substance can be done up to the desired point and back to the initial state.Ī Carnot Cycle ( Source) Work Done and Efficiency Here, W denotes the movement of the piston as it is used to rotate a crank-arm(Thus the heat is converted into mechanical work). In the above figure, the working body(system) can be any vapor or fluid body through which heat “ Q” can be transmitted to yield work. The word 'thermodynamics' comes from two root words: 'therme,' meaning heat in Greek, and 'dynamis,' meaning power implying that the Laws of Thermodynamics are the Laws of 'Heat Power. It is used to supply Q H.Īnd, the right side reservoir is called Sink. Here, the left side reservoir is called Source. W – Mechanical work by system on surroundings. Q C – Heat delivered by stream of cold water or cold reservoir. Q H – Heat supplied by boiler or hot reservoir. T C – “cold” temperature (The temperature of cold reservoir). To the best of our knowledge, Pcal_0970 is the most thermostable L-asparaginase with a half-life of more than 150 min at 100 ☌ and this is the first report on characterization of an L-asparaginase from phylum Crenarchaeota.T H – “hot” temperature (The temperature of hot reservoir). All high school students will be required to be in a supervised. All classes are scheduled for Tuesdays through Thursdays from 9 AM until 2 PM. This determination will be made as early as possible for the convenience of our families. The activation energy, from the linear Arrhenius plot, was determined as 39.9 ± 0.6 kJ mol -1. PCAL reserves the right to determine if a class will be offered based upon the number of students pre-enrolled. Pcal_0970 exhibited a K m value of 4.5 ± 0.4 mmol/L and V max of 355 ± 13 μmol min -1 mg -1 towards L-asparagine. Pcal_0970 did not show any detectable activity when L-glutamine or D-glutamine was used as substrate. The enzyme was capable of hydrolyzing D-asparagine with a 20% activity as compared to 100% with L-asparagine. Addition of divalent metal cations or EDTA had no significant effect on the activity. Optimum pH for the enzyme activity was 6.5. To examine the properties of Pcal1699, the structural gene was cloned, e Two malate dehydrogenase homologs, Pcal0564 and Pcal1699, have been found in the genome of Pyrobaculum calidifontis. The refolded Pcal_0970 showed the highest activity at or above 100 ☌. The gene encoding Pcal1699 consisted of 927 nucleotides corresponding to a polypeptide of 309 amino acids. Recombinant Pcal_0970 was produced in insoluble and inactive form which was solubilized and refolded into enzymatically active form. In search of a thermostable L-asparaginase with no glutaminase activity, we have cloned and expressed the gene encoding Pcal_0970 in Escherichia coli. The genome sequence of Pyrobaculum calidifontis contains two open reading frames, Pcal_0144 and Pcal_0970, exhibiting homology with L-asparaginases.